research in motion: TED Talks

Justin Hall-Tipping: Freeing energy from the grid

Justin Hall-Tipping works on nano-energy startups -- mastering the electron to create power.

Why can't we solve these problems?We know what they are.Something always seems to stop us.Why?I remember March the 15th, 2000.The B15 iceberg broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.In the newspaper it said "it was all part of a normal process."A little bit further on in the article it said "a loss that would normally take the ice shelf 50-100 years to replace."That same word, "normal," had two different,almost opposite meanings.

If we walk into the B15 iceberg when we leave here today,we're going to bump into something a thousand feet tall,76 miles long,17 miles wide,and it's going to weigh two gigatons.I'm sorry, there's nothing normal about this.And yet I think it's this perspective of us as humans to look at our world through the lens of normal is one of the forces that stops us developing real solutions.Only 90 days after this,arguably the greatest discovery of the last century occurred.It was the sequencing for the first time of the human genome.This is the code that's in every single one of our 50 trillion cells that makes us who we are and what we are.And if we just take one cell's worth of this code and unwind it,it's a meter long,two nanometers thick.Two nanometers is 20 atoms in thickness.

And I wondered, what if the answer to some of our biggest problems could be found in the smallest of places,where the difference between what is valuable and what is worthless is merely the addition or subtraction of a few atoms?And what if we could get exquisite control over the essence of energy,the electron?So I started to go around the world finding the best and brightest scientists I could at universities whose collective discoveries have the chance to take us there,and we formed a company to build on their extraordinary ideas.

Six and a half years later,a hundred and eighty researchers,they have some amazing developments in the lab,and I will show you three of those today,such that we can stop burning up our planet and instead,we can generate all the energy we need right where we are,cleanly, safely, and cheaply.Think of the space that we spend most of our time.A tremendous amount of energy is coming at us from the sun.We like the light that comes into the room,but in the middle of summer,all that heat is coming into the room that we're trying to keep cool.In winter, exactly the opposite is happening.We're trying to heat up the space that we're in,and all that is trying to get out through the window.

Wouldn't it be really great if the window could flick back the heat into the room if we needed it or flick it away before it came in?One of the materials that can do this is a remarkable material, carbon,that has changed its form in this incredibly beautiful reaction where graphite is blasted by a vapor,and when the vaporized carbon condenses,it condenses back into a different form:chickenwire rolled up.But this chickenwire carbon,called a carbon nanotube,is a hundred thousand times smaller than the width of one of your hairs.It's a thousand times more conductive than copper.How is that possible?One of the things about working at the nanoscale is things look and act very differently.You think of carbon as black.Carbon at the nanoscale is actually transparent and flexible.And when it's in this form,if I combine it with a polymer and affix it to your window when it's in its colored state,it will reflect away all heat and light,and when it's in its bleached state it will let all the light and heat through and any combination in between.To change its state, by the way,takes two volts from a millisecond pulse.And once you've changed its state, it stays there until you change its state again.

As we were working on this incredible discovery at University of Florida,we were told to go down the corridor to visit another scientist,and he was working on a pretty incredible thing.Imagine if we didn't have to rely on artificial lighting to get around at night.We'd have to see at night, right?This lets you do it.It's a nanomaterial, two nanomaterials,a detector and an imager.The total width of it is 600 times smaller than the width of a decimal place.And it takes all the infrared available at night,converts it into an electron in the space of two small films,and is enabling you to play an image which you can see through.I'm going to show to TEDsters,the first time, this operating.Firstly I'm going to show you the transparency.Transparency is key.It's a film that you can look through.And then I'm going to turn the lights out.And you can see, off a tiny film,incredible clarity.

As we were working on this, it dawned on us:this is taking infrared radiation, wavelengths,and converting it into electrons.What if we combined it with this?Suddenly you've converted energy into an electron on a plastic surface that you can stick on your window.But because it's flexible,it can be on any surface whatsoever.The power plant of tomorrow is no power plant.We talked about generating and using.We want to talk about storing energy,and unfortunately the best thing we've got going is something that was developed in France a hundred and fifty years ago,the lead acid battery.In terms of dollars per what's stored,it's simply the best.

Knowing that we're not going to put fifty of these in our basements to store our power,we went to a group at University of Texas at Dallas,and we gave them this diagram.It was in actually a diner outside of Dallas/Fort Worth Airport.We said, "Could you build this?"And these scientists,instead of laughing at us, said, "Yeah."And what they built was eBox.EBox is testing new nanomaterials to park an electron on the outside,hold it until you need it,and then be able to release it and pass it off.Being able to do that means that I can generate energy cleanly, efficiently and cheaply right where I am.It's my energy.And if I don't need it, I can convert it back up on the window to energy, light, and beam it,line of site, to your place.And for that I do not need an electric grid between us.

The grid of tomorrow is no grid, and energy, clean efficient energy,will one day be free.If you do this, you get the last puzzle piece,which is water.Each of us, every day,need just eight glasses of this,because we're human.When we run out of water,as we are in some parts of the world and soon to be in other parts of the world,we're going to have to get this from the sea,and that's going to require us to build desalination plants.19 trillion dollars is what we're going to have to spend.These also require tremendous amounts of energy.In fact, it's going to require twice the world's supply of oil to run the pumps to generate the water.We're simply not going to do that.But in a world where energy is freed and transmittable easily and cheaply, we can take any water wherever we are and turn it into whatever we need.

I'm glad to be working with incredibly brilliant and kind scientists,no kinder than many of the people in the world,but they have a magic look at the world.And I'm glad to see their discoveries coming out of the lab and into the world.It's been a long time in coming for me.18 years ago,I saw a photograph in the paper.It was taken by Kevin Carter who went to the Sudan to document their famine there.I've carried this photograph with me every day since then.It's a picture of a little girl dying of thirst.By any standard this is wrong.It's just wrong.We can do better than this.We should do better than this.
And whenever I go round to somebody who says,"You know what, you're working on something that's too difficult.It'll never happen. You don't have enough money.You don't have enough time.There's something much more interesting around the corner,"I say, "Try saying that to her."That's what I say in my mind. And I just say "thank you," and I go on to the next one.This is why we have to solve our problems,and I know the answer as to how is to be able to get exquisite control over a building block of nature,the stuff of life:the simple electron.
Thank you.

Juan Enriquez: Will our kids be a different species?

“Since the 1940s, we've been saying there are no differences, we [humans] are all identical. We're going to know at year end if that is true.”

A broad thinker who studies the intersection of science, business and society, Juan Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. Enriquez was the founding director of the Harvard Business School Life Sciences Project, and has published widely on topics from the technical (global nucleotide data flow) to the sociological (gene research and national competitiveness), and was a member of Celera Genomics founder Craig Venter's marine-based team to collect genetic data from the world's oceans.
Formerly CEO of Mexico City's Urban Development Corporation and chief of staff for Mexico's secretary of state, Enriquez played a role in reforming Mexico's domestic policy and helped negotiate a cease-fire with Zapatista rebels. He is a Managing Director at Excel Medical Ventures, a life sciences venture capital firm, and the chair and CEO of Biotechonomy, a research and investment firm helping to fund new genomics firms. The Untied States of America looks at the forces threatening America's future as a unified country.
In his TED Book, Homo Evolutis (written with Steve Gullens), Enriquez explores the far reaches of human change, and asks: Are we done evolving?

Paddy Ashdown: The global power shift

There's a poem written by a very famous English poet at the end of the 19th century.It was said to echo in Churchill's brain in the 1930s.And the poem goes:"On the idle hill of summer,lazy with the flow of streams,hark I hear a distant drummer,drumming like a sound in dreams,far and near and low and louder on the roads of earth go by,dear to friend and food to powder,soldiers marching,soon to die."Those who are interested in poetry,the poem is "A Shropshire Lad" written by A.E. Housman.

But what Housman understood,and you hear it in the symphonies of Nielsen too,was that the long, hot, silvan summers of stability of the 19th century were coming to a close,and that we were about to move into one of those terrifying periods of history when power changes.And these are always periods, ladies and gentlemen,accompanied by turbulence,and all too often by blood.

And my message for you is that I believe we are condemned, if you like,to live at just one of those moments in history when the gimbals upon which the established order of power is beginning to change and the new look of the world,the new powers that exist in the world,are beginning to take form.And these are -- and we see it very clearly today --nearly always highly turbulent times, highly difficult times,and all too often very bloody times.By the way, it happens about once every century.
You might argue that the last time it happened --and that's what Housman felt coming and what Churchill felt too --was that when power passed from the old nations,the old powers of Europe,across the Atlantic to the new emerging power of the United States of America --the beginning of the American century.And of course, into the vacuum where the too-old European powers used to be were played the two bloody catastrophes of the last century --the one in the first part and the one in the second part: the two great World Wars.Mao Zedong used to refer to them as the European civil wars,and it's probably a more accurate way of describing them.

Well, ladies and gentlemen,we live at one of those times.But for us, I want to talk about three factors today.And the first of these, the first two of these,is about a shift in power.And the second is about some new dimension which I want to refer to,which has never quite happened in the way it's happening now.But let's talk about the shifts of power that are occurring to the world.And what is happening today is, in one sense, frightening because it's never happened before.We have seen lateral shifts of power --the power of Greece passed to Rome and the power shifts that occurred during the European civilizations --but we are seeing something slightly different.For power is not just moving laterally from nation to nation.It's also moving vertically.

What's happening today is that the power that was encased,held to accountability, held to the rule of law,within the institution of the nation state has now migrated in very large measure onto the global stage.The globalization of power --we talk about the globalization of markets,but actually it's the globalization of real power.And where, at the nation state level that power is held to accountability subject to the rule of law,on the international stage it is not.The international stage and the global stage where power now resides:the power of the Internet, the power of the satellite broadcasters,the power of the money changers --this vast money-go-round that circulates now 32 times the amount of money necessary for the trade it's supposed to be there to finance --the money changers, if you like,the financial speculators that have brought us all to our knees quite recently,the power of the multinational corporations now developing budgets often bigger than medium-sized countries.These live in a global space which is largely unregulated,not subject to the rule of law,and in which people may act free of constraint.

Now that suits the powerful up to a moment.It's always suitable for those who have the most power to operate in spaces without constraint,but the lesson of history is that, sooner or later,unregulated space --space not subject to the rule of law --becomes populated, not just by the things you wanted --international trade, the Internet, etc. --but also by the things you don't want --international criminality, international terrorism.The revelation of 9/11 is that even if you are the most powerful nation on earth,nevertheless,those who inhabit that space can attack you even in your most iconic of cities one bright September morning.It's said that something like 60 percent of the four million dollars that was taken to fund 9/11 actually passed through the institutions of the Twin Towers which 9/11 destroyed.You see, our enemies also use this space --the space of mass travel, the Internet, satellite broadcasters --to be able to get around their poison,which is about destroying our systems and our ways.

Sooner or later,sooner or later,the rule of history is that where power goes governance must follow.And if it is therefore the case, as I believe it is,that one of the phenomenon of our time is the globalization of power,then it follows that one of the challenges of our time is to bring governance to the global space.And I believe that the decades ahead of us now will be to a greater or lesser extent turbulent the more or less we are able to achieve that aim:to bring governance to the global space.
Now notice, I'm not talking about government.I'm not talking about setting up some global democratic institution.My own view, by the way, ladies and gentlemen,is that this is unlikely to be done by spawning more U.N. institutions.If we didn't have the U.N., we'd have to invent it.The world needs an international forum.It needs a means by which you can legitimize international action.But when it comes to governance of the global space,my guess is this won't happen through the creation of more U.N. institutions.It will actually happen by the powerful coming together and making treaty-based systems,treaty-based agreements,to govern that global space.

And if you look, you can see them happening, already beginning to emerge.The World Trade Organization: treaty-based organization,entirely treaty-based,and yet, powerful enough to hold even the most powerful, the United States,to account if necessary.Kyoto: the beginnings of struggling to create a treaty-based organization.The G20:we know now that we have to put together an institution which is capable of bringing governance to that financial space for financial speculation.And that's what the G20 is, a treaty-based institution.

Now there's a problem there,and we'll come back to it in a minute,which is that if you bring the most powerful together to make the rules in treaty-based institutions,to fill that governance space,then what happens to the weak who are left out?And that's a big problem,and we'll return to it in just a second.
So there's my first message,that if you are to pass through these turbulent times more or less turbulently,then our success in doing that will in large measure depend on our capacity to bring sensible governance to the global space.And watch that beginning to happen.My second point is,and I know I don't have to talk to an audience like this about such a thing,but power is not just shifting vertically,it's also shifting horizontally.

You might argue that the story, the history of civilizations,has been civilizations gathered around seas --with the first ones around the Mediterranean,the more recent ones in the ascendents of Western power around the Atlantic.Well it seems to me that we're now seeing a fundamental shift of power, broadly speaking,away from nations gathered around the Atlantic [seaboard]to the nations gathered around the Pacific rim.Now that begins with economic power,but that's the way it always begins.You already begin to see the development of foreign policies,the augmentation of military budgets occurring in the other growing powers in the world.I think actually this is not so much a shift from the West to the East;something different is happening.

My guess is, for what it's worth,is that the United States will remain the most powerful nation on earth for the next 10 years, 15,but the context in which she holds her power has now radically altered; it has radically changed.We are coming out of 50 years,most unusual years, of history in which we have had a totally mono-polar world,in which every compass needle for or against has to be referenced by its position to Washington --a world bestrode by a single colossus.But that's not a usual case in history.In fact, what's now emerging is the much more normal case of history.You're beginning to see the emergence of a multi-polar world.

Up until now,the United States has been the dominant feature of our world.They will remain the most powerful nation,but they will be the most powerful nation in an increasingly multi-polar world.And you begin to see the alternative centers of power building up --in China, of course,though my own guess is that China's ascent to greatness is not smooth.It's going to be quite grumpy as China begins to democratize her society after liberalizing her economy.But that's a subject of a different discussion.You see India, you see Brazil.You see increasingly that the world now looks actually, for us Europeans,much more like Europe in the 19th century.

Europe in the 19th century:a great British foreign secretary, Lord Canning,used to describe it as the "European concert of powers."There was a balance, a five-sided balance.Britain always played to the balance.If Paris got together with Berlin,Britain got together with Vienna and Rome to provide a counterbalance.Now notice,in a period which is dominated by a mono-polar world,you have fixed alliances --NATO, the Warsaw Pact.A fixed polarity of power means fixed alliances.But a multiple polarity of power means shifting and changing alliances.And that's the world we're coming into,in which we will increasingly see that our alliances are not fixed.Canning, the great British foreign secretary once said,"Britain has a common interest,but no common allies."And we will see increasingly that even we in the West will reach out, have to reach out,beyond the cozy circle of the Atlantic powers to make alliances with others if we want to get things done in the world.

Note, that when we went into Libya,it was not good enough for the West to do it alone;we had to bring others in.We had to bring, in this case, the Arab League in.My guess is Iraq and Afghanistan are the last times when the West has tried to do it themselves,and we haven't succeeded.My guess is that we're reaching the beginning of the end of 400 years --I say 400 years because it's the end of the Ottoman Empire --of the hegemony of Western power,Western institutions and Western values.You know, up until now, if the West got its act together,it could propose and dispose in every corner of the world.But that's no longer true.Take the last financial crisis after the Second World War.The West got together --the Bretton Woods Institution, World Bank, International Monetary Fund --the problem solved.Now we have to call in others.Now we have to create the G20.Now we have to reach beyond the cozy circle of our Western friends.

Let me make a prediction for you,which is probably even more startling.I suspect we are now reaching the end of 400 years when Western power was enough.People say to me, "The Chinese, of course,they'll never get themselves involved in peace-making, multilateral peace-making around the world."Oh yes? Why not?How many Chinese troops are serving under the blue beret, serving under the blue flag,serving under the U.N. command in the world today?3,700.How many Americans? 11.What is the largest naval contingent tackling the issue of Somali pirates?The Chinese naval contingent.Of course they are, they are a mercantilist nation.They want to keep the sea lanes open.Increasingly, we are going to have to do business with people with whom we do not share values,but with whom, for the moment, we share common interests.It's a whole new different way of looking at the world that is now emerging.

And here's the third factor,which is totally different.Today in our modern world,because of the Internet,because of the kinds of things people have been talking about here,everything is connected to everything.We are now interdependent.We are now interlocked,as nations, as individuals,in a way which has never been the case before,never been the case before.The interrelationship of nations,well it's always existed.Diplomacy is about managing the interrelationship of nations.But now we are intimately locked together.You get swine flu in Mexico,it's a problem for Charles de Gaulle Airport 24 hours later.Lehman Brothers goes down, the whole lot collapses.There are fires in the steppes of Russia,food riots in Africa.

We are all now deeply, deeply, deeply interconnected.And what that means is the idea of a nation state acting alone,not connected with others,not working with others,is no longer a viable proposition.Because the actions of a nation state are neither confined to itself,nor is it sufficient for the nation state itself to control its own territory,because the effects outside the nation state are now beginning to affect what happens inside them.

I was a young soldier in the last of the small empire wars of Britain.At that time, the defense of my country was about one thing and one thing only:how strong was our army, how strong was our air force,how strong was our navy and how strong were our allies.That was when the enemy was outside the walls.Now the enemy is inside the walls.Now if I want to talk about the defense of my country,I have to speak to the Minister of Health because pandemic disease is a threat to my security,I have to speak to the Minister of Agriculture because food security is a threat to my security,I have to speak to the Minister of Industry because the fragility of our hi-tech infrastructure is now a point of attack for our enemies --as we see from cyber warfare --I have to speak to the Minister of Home Affairs because who has entered my country,who lives in that terraced house in that inner city has a direct effect on what happens in my country --as we in London saw in the 7/7 bombings.It's no longer the case that the security of a country is simply a matter for its soldiers and its ministry of defense.It's its capacity to lock together its institutions.

And this tells you something very important.It tells you that, in fact,our governments, vertically constructed,constructed on the economic model of the Industrial Revolution --vertical hierarchy, specialization of tasks,command structures --have got the wrong structures completely.You in business know that the paradigm structure of our time, ladies and gentlemen,is the network.It's your capacity to network that matters,both within your governments and externally.
So here is Ashdown's third law.By the way, don't ask me about Ashdown's first law and second law because I haven't invented those yet;it always sounds better if there's a third law, doesn't it?Ashdown's third law is that in the modern age,where everything is connected to everything,the most important thing about what you can do is what you can do with others.The most important bit about your structure --whether you're a government, whether you're an army regiment,whether you're a business --is your docking points, your interconnectors,your capacity to network with others.You understand that in industry;governments don't.

But now one final thing.If it is the case, ladies and gentlemen -- and it is --that we are now locked together in a way that has never been quite the same before,then it's also the case that we share a destiny with each other.Suddenly and for the very first time,collective defense, the thing that has dominated us as the concept of securing our nations,is no longer enough.It used to be the case that if my tribe was more powerful than their tribe, I was safe;if my country was more powerful than their country, I was safe;my alliance, like NATO, was more powerful than their alliance, I was safe.It is no longer the case.The advent of the interconnectedness and of the weapons of mass destruction means that, increasingly,I share a destiny with my enemy.

When I was a diplomat negotiating the disarmament treaties with the Soviet Union in Geneva in the 1970s,we succeeded because we understood we shared a destiny with them.Collective security is not enough.Peace has come to Northern Ireland because both sides realized that the zero-sum game couldn't work.They shared a destiny with their enemies.One of the great barriers to peace in the Middle East is that both sides, both Israel and, I think, the Palestinians,do not understand that they share a collective destiny.And so suddenly, ladies and gentlemen,what has been the proposition of visionaries and poets down the ages becomes something we have to take seriously as a matter of public policy.

I started with a poem, I'll end with one.The great poem of John Donne's."Send not for whom the bell tolls."The poem is called "No Man is an Island."And it goes:"Every man's death affected me,for I am involved in mankind,send not to ask for whom the bell tolls,it tolls for thee."For John Donne, a recommendation of morality.For us, I think,part of the equation for our survival.
Thank you very much.

David MacKay: A reality check on renewables

David MacKay is a professor of Natural Philosophy in the Physics department at the University of Cambridge and chief scientific adviser to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change. He received a degree in Experimental and Theoretical Physics from Trinity College and a PhD. in Computation and Neural Systems as a Fulbright Scholar at Caltech. In 1992, MacKay was made the Royal Society Smithson Research Fellow at Darwin College at University of Cambridge and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 2009. He has also taught at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Cape Town. In 2003, his book Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms was published and, in 2008, he self-published Sustainable Energy — Without the Hot Air. Both books are fully available for free online.